The persuasive appeal of alternative medicine
From a fascinating article on the appeal of alternative medicine,
The Persuasive Appeal of Alternative Medicine, Kaptchuck and Eisenberg, Ann Int Med, Vol. 129 Issue 12, pp. 1061-1065:
We examined the possibility that the cultural beliefs and contextual practices of alternative medicine frame a pathway of words, behaviors, and experiences that people find persuasive, compelling, and, ultimately, restorative. Shared cultural assumptions may provide a vehicle for an enlarged sense of self and a renewed sense of morality and purpose...
The fundamental premises uniting the alternative community involve nature, vitalism, "science," and spirituality. Taken together, these principles expand behavioral options, identity, experience, and meaning when illness (or its possibility) threatens a person's intactness and sense of connection to the world.
Views on nature:
In alternative medicine, nature is innocent and wholesome and is the iconographic symbol of virtue... The belief encodes an unambiguous set of moral polarities: natural versus artificial, pure versus toxic, organic versus synthetic, low-technology versus high-technology, and coarse versus processed. Biomedicine automatically suffers ... because of its association with sophistication and technology as opposed to the perceived simplicity of undeveloped nature. In this optimistic and hopeful view, any adverse aspects of nature (ranging from anthrax bacillus to deadly nightshade and snakebite) tend to be overlooked.
Nature is the defining metaphor for many alternative medicines. The preference for botanical medicine is rooted in this idea. The health food movement articulates the superiority of "natural food". Even if it is not the central image, a belief in nature pervades other complementary medicines. The metaphor is pliable, relative, and honorific; anything in the alternative alliance is allowed this approbation. Thus, acupuncture needles, megavitamins, and meditation are all "natural."
Views on science:
the label "science" in alternative medicine, as in biomedicine, is an important source of legitimating power ... Alternative medicine includes chiropractic science, homeopathic science, psychic science, and even occult science . Academic science would undoubtedly call these approaches "scientism"... However, for practitioners and their patients, these sciences are absolutely credible...
Biomedicine has a set of epistemologic assumptions that differ radically from those of alternative medicine. Alternative medicine's version of science lacks the recently adopted biomedical notion of clinical experiments carried out under artificially and deliberately controlled conditions, exemplified by the double-blind, randomized trial...
The science of alternative medicine is ultimately "person friendly." Its language is one of solidarity, unity, and holism ... The person-centered experience is the ultimate verification and reigns supreme in alternative science. Because self-knowledge and simple observation are not deprecated, no placebo effect haunts and casts doubt on the validity of therapeutic outcomes... A patient never has to fear that an illness will be branded as existing "only in their head." A "real" cause will be found for any sensation...
Alternative medicine science has no radical skepticism. In fact, alternative medicine science sometimes takes on the appearance of proving deeply held beliefs by selectively appropriating normative scientific studies...
Views on spirituality:
Alternative medicine offers more than physical and mental health care... Through the patient's participation in nature, vital forces, and a "human" science, the quest for health takes on sacred proportions, allowing the patient to discern ultimate meaning and make profound connections with the universe...
Why does alternative medicine have such persuasive power for certain people?
Whatever the outcome of ... research, alternative medicine will probably continue to exist and thrive... The enduring attractiveness of alternative medicine may, at least in part, be largely related to the experience encoded in its ... cultural premises.
... these shared assumptions are taken in "not in the sense that their truth value is certified by logic or argument but in the sense that they are taken into the imagination and lived with,..". The assumptions of alternative medicine can be an especially powerful vehicle for ... the "pathways of words, feelings, values, expectations [and] beliefs" that reorder and organize the disease experience involved in all healing methods...
... [W]hat is the critical distinction between conventional and unconventional medicine? One fundamental difference is that biomedicine has a more rigorous and self-critical scientific method. But there may be an even more subtle discrimination, equally important, that concerns a basic ethos and sensibility. It may be that biomedicine ... is less optimistic and more realistically accepts the limitations ... of the human condition.
Labels: "alternative" medicine
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